CONTEXTWith the Green Deal, the European Union has introduced new Circular Economy models as a strategic action to tackle climate change, resource depletion, and pollution, fostering a new product philosophy: items at the end of their life cycle can be recovered and reused as valuable resources.
The EU Regulation 2024/1781 (ESPR – Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation) introduces the Digital Product Passport (DPP) as a key tool for applying Circular Economy principles to product design.
Although scientific and technological interest in digital identity has grown, current literature only provides general methodological frameworks that still require further development and real-world applications across diverse product categories.